What is Watershed & Watershed Delineation?
A watershed is all the land & water which contributes runoff to a common point or outlet point. It is also called a catchment or drainage area. The terms catchment & watershed are found to be used interchangeably. So, the watershed area is the land area, from where all the surface runoff converges to a single point to give common discharge. Watershed delineation thus refers to creating a boundary that represents the contributing area for a particular outlet point.
Why Watershed Delineation is required?
Watershed delineation is done primarily to define the boundary of the study area or to divide the study area into subareas. Also, watershed delineation is the initial job for calculating catchment area. So, watershed delineation has major importance in watershed management, soil conservation & hydrometeorological studies.
How to delineate watershed?
Delineating watershed means you're drawing boundary lines of the catchment on a map. Traditionally, this is done manually in the topographic maps using information from contours but some digital methods are also available nowadays. Watershed delineation can be done by following different methods:
- Topo Map Method
- Google Earth Pro Method
- GIS Method
While dealing with the topo map method, one should have sound knowledge of contour lines & map scale. We should be able to visualize the terrain by seeing the contour lines. We should find where ridge & valley exists and also note that the flow direction is always perpendicular to the contour line. Here are few steps for watershed delineation & calculation of catchment area from topo map:
- Mark the outlet point in the topo map
- Starting from the outlet point, draw lines perpendicular to the contours in such a way that the line passes through the ridges
- Following the procedure, connect all the possible extreme points whose discharge converges into the outlet & finally, end at the outlet point.
- After demarcation of the catchment boundary in the topo map, trace the delineated area in transparent graph paper. Count the number of squares in the graph paper that the catchment has covered & keeping in mind of map scale, determine the value of the catchment area.
As an alternative to this graph paper method, we can use Autocad to calculate the catchment area. For this, scan the topo map catchment & import it to the Autocad environment. Fix the scale of the imported image & retrace the catchment boundary in Autocad using polylines. Now, the area of a polygon can easily be determined in Autocad.
Google earth pro method for watershed delineation is quite famous nowadays. Using Google earth pro, we can visualize our catchment in 3D & draw the catchment boundary as a polygon by eye judgment & instantly, Google earth pro shows you the area covered by polygon in the required unit.
GIS method of watershed delineation is the most accurate among all mentioned here. While using GIS for watershed delineation & determination of catchment area, we need DEM data of study area. The DEM data is then loaded in ArcGIS & different tools are available in ArcGIS in order to delineate watershed & determine the corresponding area. Here, ArcGIS automatically delineates the catchment for you once you provide correct information to it. One can download the DEM data directly from USGS Earth Explorer for free & can proceed further in ArcGIS.
